TY  - JOUR
T1  - Designing Resistance-Resilient IPM Programmes through Deliberate Sequencing of Chemical, Biological, Behavioural, and Cultural Interventions
A1  - Michael Turner
A1  - Sophia Nguyen
A1  - David Clark
A1  - Emma Wilson
A1  - Carlos Ramirez
JF  - Entomology and Applied Science Letters
JO  - Entomol Appl Sci Lett
SN  - 2349-2864
Y1  - 2025
VL  - 12
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.51847/41vH7OkoLh
SP  - 44
EP  - 54
N2  - Resistance-resilient crop protection depends not simply on increasing the number of available interventions, but on controlling how, when, and under what biological conditions those interventions are deployed. Integrated pest-management programmes frequently contain chemical, biological, behavioural, and cultural components without specifying their temporal relationships, compatibility requirements, escalation triggers, or responses to declining susceptibility. This article addresses that design gap by developing an original strategic framework for deliberate intervention sequencing. The approach integrates programme-level resistance management, chemical timing, functional mode-of-action diversity, biological and behavioural suppression, cultural prevention, monitoring, and adaptive adjustment. The principal synthesis is that resistance resilience emerges from a state-dependent exposure programme: preventive measures reduce initial pest pressure; surveillance identifies pest, damage, susceptibility, and natural-enemy states; ecological interventions are protected where their preconditions are met; and selective chemical interventions are reserved for explicit escalation points. Rotation and mixtures remain conditional tools rather than automatic safeguards because cross-resistance, residual overlap, unequal efficacy, pest movement, and implementation inconsistency can undermine their intended functions. Biological, behavioural, and cultural components can reduce dependence on chemical mortality, but component-level efficacy cannot establish whole-programme performance. The proposed structure therefore separates intervention availability from sequencing quality and requires post-intervention feedback, compatibility assessment, and locally relevant validation. Important limitations include sparse direct comparisons of complete intervention sequences, context dependence across pest–crop systems, uncertainty in susceptibility and natural-enemy monitoring, and differences between recommended and implemented practice. The central implication is that resistance management should be evaluated as an adaptive, multi-season programme architecture rather than as a product-rotation rule or a static collection of control tactics.
UR  - https://easletters.com/article/designing-resistance-resilient-ipm-programmes-through-deliberate-sequencing-of-chemical-biological-dhmfgue2vistxxg
ER  -