Creative Commons License 2018 Volume 5 Issue 3

Ten Years Investigation on Situation Analysis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an Endemic Area, Southwestern Iran


Hamid Kassiri, Samaneh Najafi, Shahnaz Kazemi, Masoud Lotfi
Abstract

Epidemiologically, Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) is presently endemic in 98 countries worldwide, including Iran.  Both forms of CL, Anthroponotic CL  and Zoonotic CL  are seen in many  parts of the country. Because of the importance of CL in Khorramshahr county (30°26′23″N 48°09′59″E ) and slightly increasing of disease in recent years, this study was designed to assess the status of CL from 2007 to 2016.  In this analytical-descriptive study, all of the patients suspected to CL were identified by passive case detection. With the help of the health experts, uncovered parts of the body of all cases were examined regarding active lesion (s). Patients with active lesions were examined using parasitological method and according to the physician diagnosis based on the shape of the lesion and  the patient's history. Some information including  the number of lesions, location of lesions in different parts of the body, gender ,  age of the patients , month, season, residential area ( city or village) were recorded in questionnaires. Statistical analysis of the epidemiological data was performed in the SPSS -21 software, to determine any significant difference between  above mentioned  factors and disease incidence. From 2007 to 2016, at least 745 new cases of CL were considered in Khorramshahr  County. The highest frequency of CL was seen in the age groups of 21-30 years old (25.9%). In the past ten  years, most of the patients were males (51.8%). There was not any significant difference between males and females according to their infection with CL. In the last  ten years, most of the patients were citizens of urban areas. There were significant difference between frequency of CL in urban and rural residents. Review on occupation of patients with CL indicates that approximately 36.1% of them were housewives. There was significant difference between seasons and number of patients. The highest frequency of CL was seen in winter (53.9%) and fall (19.5%). Lesions of patients in more than 97.7% of the cases were between 1-3 numbers. Distribution of lesions in the body showed that hands were the most affected location (35.2%). It is necessary to take strong steps to control the CL and prevent its extension. Furthermore, It is critical to provide rapid treatment of cases. The control of CL needs to close cooperation between the universities of medical sciences, the government and health services centers.


Share:
References

Rafati NA, Shapourimoghadam A, Ghorbani RA. Epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Damghan (2000-2006). Koomesh. 2007; 8(4): 247-253. [In Persian].

Masmoudi A, Hariz W, Marrekchi S, Amouri M, Turki H. Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis: diagnosis and treatment. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2013; 7(2): 31-41.

Reithinger R, Aadil K, Kolaczinski J, Mohsen M, Hami S. Social impact of leishmaniasis, Afghanistan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005; 11(4): 634-636.

Noazin S, Khamesipour A, Moulton LH, Tanner M, Nasseri K, Modabber F, Sharifi I, Khalil EA, Bernal ID, Antunes CM, Smith PG. Efficacy of killed whole-parasite vaccines in the prevention of leishmaniasis: a meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2009; 27(35): 4747-4753.

Noazin S, Modabber F, Khamesipour A, Smith PG, Moulton LH, Nasseri K, Sharifi I, Khalil EA, Bernal ID, Antunes CM, Kieny MP, Tanner M.. First generation leishmaniasis vaccines: a review of field efficacy trials. Vaccine. 2008; 26 (52): 6759-6767.

Thomson I, Shirazi MH, Ranjbar R, Asgari V,Mohebali M, Hamidian M. Study of bacterial infections among the patients with suspected cutaneous leishmaniasis. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 2007; 10 (24):4555-4558. [In Persian].

Mohajeri M, Shamsian A. Medical protozoology. 2nd ed. Mashhad: Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR) Publishers; 2010.[In Persian].

Akilov OE, Khachemoune A, Hasan T.Clinical manifestations and classification of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Dermatol. 2007; 46(2): 132-142.

Ashford RW. The leishmaniasis as emerging and re-emerging zoonoses. Int J Parasitol .2000; 30(12-13): 1269-1281.

Ahmadi Yazdi C, Narmani MR, Sadri B. Cutaneous Leishmaniasisin in Iran. J Infects Dis . 2003; 3:14-19.

Fazaelia A, Fouladic B. Emergence ofcutaneous leishmaniasis in a border area at south-east of Iran: an epidemiological survey. J Vector Borne Dis. 2009; 46: 36-42.

Shirazi M, Ranjbar R, Khansari K. Secondary bacterial infections of skin lesions suspicious for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iranian J Infect Dis Tropical Med. 2006; 12(38):55-58.

Mohebali M, Javadian E,Yaghoobi–Ershadi MR, Akhavan AA. Characterization of Leishmania infection in rodents from endemic areas of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Eastern Mediterranean Health journal, 2004, 10(4/5): 591-599.

Shirzadi MR. National Programme of salak control. The Fourth Congress of National Day and Zoonosis Diseases. Inform Week, Razi Congress Center, 2000. P 30-32. [In Persian].

Ramezani Y, Mousavi SGA, Bahrami A, Fereydooni M, Parsa N, Kazemi B. Epidemiological study ofcutaneous leishmaniasis in Aran and Bidgol from April to September 2009. KAUMS J (FEYZ). 2011; 15(3):254-258. [In Persian].

Hamzavi Y, Khademi N. The analytical study of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Kermanshah (2011-2012). J Ker Univ Med Sci. 2013;17 (9): 582-589. [In Persian].

Athari A, Jalallu N. Epidemiological survey ofcutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran 2001-2005. Sci J Isfahan Univ Med Sci. 2006; 24(82):8-13.[In Persian].

Javadian E, Nadim A, Tahvildari A, Assefi V.Epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasisin Korassan Iran. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1976; 69(2):140–143.

Moaddeb A, Gettner S, Ardehali S. Studies on the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Shiraz Iran. Iran J Med Sci. 1993; 18 (1,2): 28–33.

Salimi MA. Clinical and epidemiological comparison on the cutaneous leishmaniasis in the city and villages of Isfahan. Iran J Public Health. 2000; 2(4):214–219.

Nadim A, Rashti AS, Faghih A. A brief review of the epidemiology of various types of leishmaniasisin Iran. Acta Med Iran. 1971;8(4):99–106.

Islamic Republic of Iran Ministry of Health & Medical Education. Principles of disease prevention and surveillance. Tehran: Center for Disease Control. 2007:249-255. [In Persian].

Jahani MR, Shirzad H. A survey on the cutaneous leishmaniasis in disciplinary units of Isfahan, Ilam, Bushehr, Khorasan and Khuzestan provinces,1997-1999 ]. Journal of Teb- e –Nezami. 2001; 3(3): 97-101. [In Persian].

Aflatunian MR, Sharifi I. Frequency of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the patients referred to health centers of Bamdistrict, 2000-2004. Journal of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. 2006; 5 (2): 123-128. [In Persian].

Barati H, Barati M. Lotfi MH. Epidemiological study of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Khatam. Yazd Province (2004-2013). Paramed Sci Military Health. 2015; 10:1-5. [In Persian].

Abasi AE, Ghanbary MR, Kazem NK. The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Gorgan (1998-2001). Ann Military Health Sci Res. 2004; 2:275-278. [In Persian].

Kassiri H, Kassiri A, Lotfi M, Farajifard P, Kassiri E. Laboratory diagnosis, clinical manifestations, epidemiological situation and public health importance of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Shushtar County, Southwestern Iran. J Acute Dis. 2014; 3: 93-98.

Feiz-Haddad MH, Kassiri H, Kasiri N, et al. Prevalence and epidemiologic profile of acute Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in an endemic focus, South western Iran. Journal of Acute Disease.2015; 4(4): 292-297.

Kassiri H, Kassiri A, Najafi H, Lotfi M, Kassiri E. Epidemiological features, clinical manifestation and laboratory findings of patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Genaveh County, Bushehr Province,Southern Iran. J Coast Life Med. 2014; 2(12): 1002-1006.

Dehghan A, Ghahramani F, Hashemi B. The epidemiology of anthroponothic cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Larestan (2006-2008). J Jahrom Univ Med Sci. 2010; 8:3. [In Persian].

Ayatollahi J, Karimi M. The prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the villages of Abarkouh (Yazd Province). Iranian J Infect Dis. 2005; 10(30):13-18.

Doroodgar A, Mahbobi S, Nemetian M, Sayyah M, Doroodgar M. An epidemiological study of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kashan (2007-2008) . Koomesh. 2009; 10(3):177-184. [In Persian].

Sharifi I, Poursmaelian S, Aflatoonian MR, Ardakani RF, Mirzaei M, Fekri AR, et al. Emergence of a new focus of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania tropica in rural communities of Bam district after the earthquake, Iran. Trop Med Int Health. 2011; 16(4): 510-513.

Sufizadeh A, Farajifar AA, Charabin M, Sarali J, Gharavi M Y, Mehravaran A. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Gonbad Kavous district, 2009-2010. J Gorgan univ Med Sci. 2012; 14(4):100-6.[In Persian].

Dehghan A, Ghahramani F, Hashemi B. The epidemiology of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Larestan, 2006-2008. J Jahrom Univ Med Sci. 2010; 8( 3): 7-11. .[In Persian].

Hamzavi Y, Hamzeh B, Mohebali M, Akhoundi B, Ajhang K, Khademi N, et al. Human visceral leishmaniasis in Kermanshah province, western Iran, during 2011-2012. Iran J Parasitol. 2012; 7(4):49-56.

Javaherian Z, Hayat Gheib D, Abid KH. Epidemiological survey of cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Mirjaveh district of


Entomology and Applied Science Letters is an international double-blind peer reviewed publication which publishes scientific research & review articles related to insects that contain information of interest to a wider audience, e.g. papers bearing on the theoretical, genetic, agricultural, medical and biodiversity issues. Emphasis is also placed on the selection of comprehensive, revisionary or integrated systematics studies of broader biological or zoogeographical relevance. In addition to full-length research articles and reviews, the journal publishes interpretive articles in a Forum section, Short Communications, and Letters to the Editor. The journal publishes reports on all phases of medical entomology and medical acarology, including the systematics and biology of insects, acarines, and other arthropods of public health and veterinary significance.

Announcement and Advertisement
Announcements regarding scientific activities such as conferences, symposium, are published for free. Advertisements can be either published or placed on website as banners.
open access
Entomology and Applied Science Letters supports the submission of entomological papers that contain information of interest to a wider reader groups e. g. papers bearing on taxonomy, phylogeny, biodiversity, ecology, systematic, agriculture, morphology. The selection of comprehensive, revisionary or integrated systematics studies of broader biological or zoogeographical relevance is also important. Distinguished entomologists drawn from different parts of the world serve as honorary members of the Editorial Board. The journal encompasses all the varied aspects of entomological research.